2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines

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Q: What is the conversion of IV to PO Tylenol (Acetaminophen)?


Answer: 1:1

FDA has approved the IV form of Tylenol (Omfirmev). It has the advantage of opioid sparing effect and very useful in immediate post-op period. Peak serum levels are 70% higher with IV form, with onset of analgesia at 10 minutes, peak at 1 hour and last 4-6 hours.

Outcomes of extubation failure in medical intensive care unit patients

Interesting article published this month in CCM Journal on debate of extubation failure. Objectives of study  were to evaluate the impact of failed extubation, whether planned or unplanned, on patient outcomes and to identify a patient subset at risk for extubation failure.

It was a prospective 1-yr observational study with daily data collection from a 13 bed medical intensive care unit in a teaching hospital.

Results: Of 168 planned extubations in 340 patients, 26 (15%) failed.

• Of these 26 patients, seven (27%) had pneumonia and 13 (50%) died after reintubation. Compared with successfully extubated patients, the patients with failed extubation were not significantly different regarding disease severity, mechanical ventilation duration, or blood gas values.
  
• Age and underlying diseases were the only factors associated with extubation failure, and extubation failure occurred in 34% of patients more than 65 yrs with chronic cardiac or respiratory disease compared with only 9% of other patients (p less than .01).
  
• Unplanned extubation occurred in 9% of patients, and inadequate endotracheal tube position was a risk factor.
  
• Failure of both planned and unplanned extubation was specifically associated with significant rapid worsening of daily organ dysfunction scores.

Authors concluded that patients more than 65 yrs with underlying chronic cardiac or respiratory disease are at high risk for extubation failure and subsequent pneumonia and death. Contrasting with successful extubation, failed planned or unplanned extubation was followed by marked clinical deterioration, suggesting a direct and specific effect of extubation failure and reintubation on patient outcomes.

Outcomes of extubation failure in medical intensive care unit patients - Critical Care Medicine: December 2011 - Volume 39 - Issue 12 - pp 2612-2618