Q: All of the followings can be used in the healing of pressure ulcers in long-term patients except?

A) Negative pressure wound therapy 
B) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) 
C) Ultrasound therapy
D) Electrical stimulation
E) Topical nitrogen


Answer: E

Pressure ulcer is one potential catastrophe in ICU which can be prevented with proper care and designated protocol. Various adjunctive therapies have been used to heal pressure ulcer besides standard dressing, debridement and use of transparent films. 

Negative pressure wound therapy (woundVac) enhances wound healing by increasing blood flow and formation of granulation tissue. HBOT  is used with less frequency. Ultrasound, electrical stimulation, application of growth factors, topical oxygen (not topical nitrogen - Choice E), pulsed radiofrequency energy therapy and electromagnetic therapy have also been proposed.