Sunday, October 31, 2021

acquired pendular nystagmus

 Q: Out of the following which of the following which one is the most common cause of acquired pendular nystagmus 

 A) multiple sclerosis

B) strokes 

C) encephalitis 

D) tumors 

E) leukodystrophies


Answer: A

Pendular nystagmus can occur in any direction i.e., torsional, horizontal, vertical, or any combination of these. To examiner, it can give any type of trajectory i.e., circular, oblique, or elliptical. To confuse further it can also be only monocular. It is due to abnormal brainstem feedback circuits for eye position. It can be either acquired or congenital. 

MS is the most common cause and should be confirmed with electroretinogram (ERG), visual evoked potentials, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

#neurology


References:

1. Gresty MA, Ell JJ, Findley LJ. Acquired pendular nystagmus: its characteristics, localising value and pathophysiology. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1982; 45:431. 

2. Tilikete C, Jasse L, Pelisson D, et al. Acquired pendular nystagmus in multiple sclerosis and oculopalatal tremor. Neurology 2011; 76:1650.

Saturday, October 30, 2021

Posm and MS change

 Q: Severe neurologic deterioration in Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) starts to occur once effective plasma osmolality (Posm) starts rising above 280 mosmol/kg?

A) True

B) False


Answer: B

The mental Status change is mostly due to higher effective plasma osmolality (Posm). Hyperosmolality is more common in HHS where an effective plasma osmolality (Posm) rises above 320-330 mosmol/kg. Point to be noted: One of the clinical presentations of HHS is stroke-like symptoms with hemiparesis and/or hemianopsia. It may also present with seizures. 

Although mental status change may occur in DKA due to severe degree of acidosis, frank coma is unlikely. 

Clinical significance: If a patient in DKA presents with frank stupor or coma, and an effective Posm is lower than 320 mosmol/kg, it should ignite a clinicians to look for other causes of encephalopathy.

#endocrine

#neurology


References:

1. Daugirdas JT, Kronfol NO, Tzamaloukas AH, Ing TS. Hyperosmolar coma: cellular dehydration and the serum sodium concentration. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110:855. 

2. Lavin PJ. Hyperglycemic hemianopia: a reversible complication of non-ketotic hyperglycemia. Neurology 2005; 65:616. 

3. Harden CL, Rosenbaum DH, Daras M. Hyperglycemia presenting with occipital seizures. Epilepsia 1991; 32:215. 

4. Nyenwe EA, Razavi LN, Kitabchi AE, et al. Acidosis: the prime determinant of depressed sensorium in diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Care 2010; 33:1837.

Friday, October 29, 2021

IE and Anbx

 Q: In patients with Infective Endocarditis (IE) without symptoms, antibiotics can be withheld till the results of blood cultures are available?  

A) True 

B) False


Answer: A

In case of IE, it is imperative that a treatment strategy is planned which may require long-term antibiotics. Also, the need for surgery needs to be established. Knowing the organism is one of the most important steps. In patients who have no symptoms, antibiotics can be deferred till the results of blood cultures are available. Even in patients with acute symptoms of IE, endeavors should be made to obtain blood cultures prior to the start of the empiric therapy. 

Ideally, Blood cultures should be obtained from three (at least two) venipuncture sites spaced over 30-60 minutes.

#ID
#cardiology


References:

1. Katsouli A, Massad MG. Current issues in the diagnosis and management of blood culture-negative infective and non-infective endocarditis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013 Apr;95(4):1467-74. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.10.044. Epub 2013 Mar 5. PMID: 23481702.

2. Siddiqui BK, Tariq M, Jadoon A, Alam M, Murtaza G, Abid B, Sethi MJ, Atiq M, Abrar S, Smego RA Jr. Impact of prior antibiotic use in culture-negative endocarditis: review of 86 cases from southern Pakistan. Int J Infect Dis. 2009 Sep;13(5):606-12. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2007.10.009. Epub 2009 Jan 7. PMID: 19131263.

Thursday, October 28, 2021

Steroid in Code blue

From JAMA

Abstract - Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03640949 

Importance: Previous trials have suggested that vasopressin and methylprednisolone administered during in-hospital cardiac arrest might improve outcomes. 

Objective: To determine whether the combination of vasopressin and methylprednisolone administered during in-hospital cardiac arrest improves return of spontaneous circulation. 

Design, Setting, and Participants: Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted at 10 hospitals in Denmark. A total of 512 adult patients with in-hospital cardiac arrest were included between October 15, 2018, and January 21, 2021. The last 90-day follow-up was on April 21, 2021. 

Intervention: Patients were randomized to receive a combination of vasopressin and methylprednisolone (n = 245) or placebo (n = 267). The first dose of vasopressin (20 IU) and methylprednisolone (40 mg), or corresponding placebo, was administered after the first dose of epinephrine. Additional doses of vasopressin or corresponding placebo were administered after each additional dose of epinephrine for a maximum of 4 doses. 

Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was return of spontaneous circulation. Secondary outcomes included survival and favorable neurologic outcome at 30 days (Cerebral Performance Category score of 1 or 2). 

Results: Among 512 patients who were randomized, 501 met all inclusion and no exclusion criteria and were included in the analysis (mean [SD] age, 71 [13] years; 322 men [64%]). One hundred of 237 patients (42%) in the vasopressin and methylprednisolone group and 86 of 264 patients (33%) in the placebo group achieved return of spontaneous circulation (risk ratio, 1.30 [95% CI, 1.03-1.63]; risk difference, 9.6% [95% CI, 1.1%-18.0%]; P = .03). At 30 days, 23 patients (9.7%) in the intervention group and 31 patients (12%) in the placebo group were alive (risk ratio, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.50-1.37]; risk difference: −2.0% [95% CI, −7.5% to 3.5%]; P = .48). A favorable neurologic outcome was observed in 18 patients (7.6%) in the intervention group and 20 patients (7.6%) in the placebo group at 30 days (risk ratio, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.55-1.83]; risk difference, 0.0% [95% CI, −4.7% to 4.9%]; P > .99). In patients with return of spontaneous circulation, hyperglycemia occurred in 77 (77%) in the intervention group and 63 (73%) in the placebo group. Hypernatremia occurred in 28 (28%) and 27 (31%), in the intervention and placebo groups, respectively. 

Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with in-hospital cardiac arrest, administration of vasopressin and methylprednisolone, compared with placebo, significantly increased the likelihood of return of spontaneous circulation. However, there is uncertainty whether this treatment results in benefit or harm for long-term survival.


Reference:

Lars W. Andersen; Dan Isbye; Jesper Kjærgaard; et al Effect of Vasopressin and Methylprednisolone vs Placebo on Return of Spontaneous Circulation in Patients With In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest A Randomized Clinical Trial JAMA. 2021;326(16):1586-1594. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.16628 


Wednesday, October 27, 2021

SDH and cranial pressure

 Q: Which of the following is more likely to cause subdural hematoma (SDH)? (select one)

A) Intracranial hypotension 

B) Intracranial hypertension


Answer: A

Although trauma is one of the most common etiology of SDH, intracranial hypotension i.e., low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure is the second most common reason. It can occur after lumbar puncture, ventriculostomy, lumboperitoneal shunt, or any neurosurgical procedure. 

Decrease CSF pressure reduces brain buoyancy and increases the traction on bridging veins. Moreover, decrease CSF pressure causes engorgement of cerebral veins.

#neurology


References:

1. de Noronha RJ, Sharrack B, Hadjivassiliou M, Romanowski CA. Subdural haematoma: a potentially serious consequence of spontaneous intracranial hypotension. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74(6):752-755. doi:10.1136/jnnp.74.6.752 

2. Beck J, Gralla J, Fung C, et al. Spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak as the cause of chronic subdural hematomas in nongeriatric patients. J Neurosurg 2014; 121:1380.

Tuesday, October 26, 2021

Obese patients and labetalol

 Q: Obese patients may require a ______ dose of intravenous labetalol bolus. (select one)

A) higher

B) lower


Answer: A

Beta-blockers are lipophilic and so have a tendency to diffuse into adipose tissues. This may lead to restricted tissue distribution in obese patients. 

Labetalol is a mixed alpha and beta-blocker. It can be used as oral, intravenous (IV) bolus, and continuous infusion. In ICU, the usual bolus dose is 10-20 mg but can be titrated up to 80 mg every 10 minutes to a total dose of 300 mg. The infusion dose is 0.5 to 2 mg/min. 

Obese patients may require higher doses. 

#pharmacology

#hemodynamic

#cardiology


References:

1. Cheymol G, Poirier JM, Carrupt PA, Testa B, Weissenburger J, Levron JC, Snoeck E. Pharmacokinetics of beta-adrenoceptor blockers in obese and normal volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1997 Jun;43(6):563-70. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1997.00609.x. PMID: 9205815; PMCID: PMC2042788. 

2. Yiwen Cui, Ethan A. Litman, Paul Feustal, Johanna Bringley, Asha Rijhsinghani Dosing of labetalol in obese preeclamptic women with severe antepartum hypertension: Poster #517,  American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology; VOLUME 220, ISSUE 1, SUPPLEMENT , S346-S347, JANUARY 01, 2019 - DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2018.11.539

Monday, October 25, 2021

cuff leak

 Q: What is the appropriate way to qualitatively assess the cuff leak in an intubated patient?

Answer: A plethora of literature is available to assess cuff leaks in an intubated patient quantitatively. Qualitative assessment of cuff leaks depends mostly on the clinician's experience. One reliable way is to deflate the endotracheal tube's (ETT) cuff, put the stethoscope over the upper anterior neck (upper trachea), and listen for the air movement around the ETT. 

Said that all cuff leaks should be ideally quantified. Laryngeal edema, laryngeal stenosis, excess of tracheal secretions, and a large diameter ETT are the usual reasons for decreased or absent cuff leak. 

Extubation is a clinical decision and more of an art than a science.


#ventilators

#pulmonary

#procedure


References:

1. Kuriyama A, Jackson JL, Kamei J. Performance of the cuff leak test in adults in predicting post-extubation airway complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2020 Nov 7;24(1):640. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03358-8. PMID: 33160405; PMCID: PMC7648377.

2. Schnell D, Planquette B, Berger A, Merceron S, Mayaux J, Strasbach L, Legriel S, Valade S, Darmon M, Meziani F. Cuff Leak Test for the Diagnosis of Post-Extubation Stridor: A Multicenter Evaluation Study. J Intensive Care Med. 2019 May;34(5):391-396. doi: 10.1177/0885066617700095. Epub 2017 Mar 27. PMID: 28343416.

Sunday, October 24, 2021

HELLP

 Q: To establish the diagnosis of HELLP syndrome, the cut-off point for platelet count is? (select one)

A) Less than 10,000 cells/microL 

B) Less than 50,000 cells/microL 

C) Less than 100,000 cells/microL 

D) No established cutoff point for low platelets


Answer: C

HELLP syndrome which stands for hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets usually occurs between 28 and 37 weeks of gestation and can be fatal. There are many criteria established to diagnose this syndrome. Most criteria depend on laboratory work to establish the above three entities of the syndrome including blood smear. 

Blood workup usually includes serum bilirubin, haptoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), hematocrit, AST, ALT, and platelets levels. Most criteria accept platelet levels below 100,000 cells/microL. 

Infrequently used is the Mississippi classification, which further subclassifies HELLP syndrome depending on its severity.

#Ob-gyn

#hematology


References:

1. Audibert F, Friedman SA, Frangieh AY, Sibai BM. Clinical utility of strict diagnostic criteria for the HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets) syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 175:460. 

2. Ditisheim A, Sibai BM. Diagnosis and Management of HELLP Syndrome Complicated by Liver Hematoma. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2017; 60:190. 

3. Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 222. Obstet Gynecol 2020; 135:e237.

Saturday, October 23, 2021

Switching of DOAC

 Q: Switching from one Direct Oral Anticoagulant (DOAC) to another should be done with a space of 48-72 hours?

A) True

B) False


Answer: B

Currently, there are four DOACs approved for use in the USA. 

  • dabigatran 
  • rivaroxaban 
  • apixaban 
  • edoxaban
Due to various reasons i.e., availability, insurance authorization, tolerance, or patient preference - clinicians may need to switch from one DOAC to another. The beauty is that one DOAC can be switched to another DOAC without any interruption or overlap. The second DOAC can be continued when the next dose of the first DOAC is due.

#hematology
#pharmacology


References:

1. Oyakawa T, Muraoka N, Iida K, Kusuhara M. Effect of Switching from the Initial Direct Oral Anticoagulant to Another One on Exacerbation of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer: A Retrospective Study. Ann Vasc Dis. 2018;11(4):531-534. doi:10.3400/avd.oa.18-00072 

2. Marchetti G, Bernardini F, Romoli M, Urbinati S. Switching across direct oral anticoagulants: a real-life-setting pilot prospective study. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2021 Jun 1;22(6):453-458. doi: 10.2459/JCM.0000000000001118. PMID: 33186238.

3. Romoli M, Marchetti G, Bernardini F, Urbinati S. Switching between direct oral anticoagulants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2021 Jan 2. doi: 10.1007/s11239-020-02367-2. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33389613.

Friday, October 22, 2021

HBS

 Q: 54 years old male with End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is postoperative parathyroidectomy. The patient is transferred from the floor to ICU on a postoperative day #3 due to clinical symptoms of "Hungry Bone Syndrome" (HBS). All of the following are the feature of HBS EXCEPT?

A) hypocalcemia 

B) hypophosphatemia 

C) hypomagnesemia 

D) hypokalemia


Answer: D

Hypocalcemia immediately after parathyroidectomy is almost always universal. Usually, it is transient but ESRD patients have a high tendency to go into hypocalcemia crisis and it may last longer. 

In hyperparathyroidism, parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases bone formation and resorption with a net efflux of calcium from bone, resulting in hypercalcemia. The acute withdrawal of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) results in an imbalance resulting in a marked bone uptake of calcium, phosphate, and magnesium. The overall indirect effect on electrolytes is hyperkalemia, particularly in renal patients.


#electrolytes

#endocrinology

#surgical-critical-care


References:

1. Cruz DN, Perazella MA. Biochemical aberrations in a dialysis patient following parathyroidectomy. Am J Kidney Dis 1997; 29:759. 

2. Shpitz B, Korzets Z, Dinbar A, et al. Immediate postoperative management of parathyroidectomized hemodialysis patients. Dial Transplant 1986; 15:507.

Thursday, October 21, 2021

CS in HbS

 Q: What is the caveat of using Cell Saver (CS) in patients with sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait (HbS)? 

Answer:  Cell saver use in patients with sickle cell disease or trait may cause harm. The washing process during CS may cause hemolysis or sickling of red blood cells with HbS. 

By default "Sickled RBCs" are prothrombotic. Dehydration, hypotension, acidosis, low cardiac index, hyperthermia, post-op shivering are major risk factors in these patients. 

In elective surgery, preoperative optimization is the best strategy. African-American patients have a higher rate of sickle cell disease and should be particularly managed. In high risk patients, hemoglobin electrophoresis should be strongly considered prior to surgery. To avoid delay in blood products during surgery, type and cross with presence/absence of antibodies (from previous transfusions) should be established. During surgery adequate hydration is of paramount importance. . 

In cardiac surgery centrifugal cardio-pulmonary-bypass (CPB) pump is preferred.

#surgical-critical-care

#hematology


References:

1. Chabot D, Sutton R. Mitral valve replacement in a patient with sickle cell disease using perioperative exchange transfusion. J Extra Corpor Technol 2008; 40:275. 

2. You D, Peiro-Garcia A, Ferri-de-Barros F, Parsons D. Hemolysis Following Intraoperative Cell Salvage Replacement in a Scoliosis Patient With Sickle Cell Trait: A Case Report. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2017; 42:E1331. 

3. Okunuga A, Skelton VA. Use of cell salvage in patients with sickle cell trait. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2009;18(1):90-91. doi:10.1016/j.ijoa.2008.06.010

Wednesday, October 20, 2021

lytes and ASA poisoning

 Q: Which of the following electrolyte should be treated aggressively in salicylate poisoning? (select one)

A) Sodium

B) Potassium

C) Chloride

D) Phosphate

E) Calcium


Answer: B

Hypokalemia can be detrimental and a barrier in the treatment of salicylate poisoning. The close relationship of potassium and salicylate was first realized during tuberculosis treatments almost 7 decades ago. 

The mainstay of treatment in salicylate overdose is alkalinization of urine. Hypokalemia leads to absorption of K+ in the distal tubule via exchange at the K+/H+ pump. Absorption of K+ promotes excretion of H+ in urine and hampers the alkalinization of urine. 

Hypokalemia should be repleted aggressively in salicylate toxicity.


#toxicology

#electrolytes


References:

1. HEARD KH, CAMPBELL AH, HURLEY JJ, FERGUSON E. Hypokalaemia complicating sodium para-amino-salicylate therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis. Med J Aust. 1950 Oct 21;2(17):606-12. PMID: 14785411. 

2. ROBIN ED, DAVIS RP, REES SB. Salicylate intoxication with special reference to the development of hypokalemia. Am J Med. 1959 Jun;26(6):869-82. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(59)90209-8. PMID: 13649713. 

3.  Thongprayoon C, Petnak T, Kaewput W, et al. Hospitalizations for Acute Salicylate Intoxication in the United States. J Clin Med. 2020;9(8):2638. Published 2020 Aug 14. doi:10.3390/jcm9082638

Tuesday, October 19, 2021

Albumin and anion gap

 Q: Albumin has a significant (select one) 

 A) net negative charge 

B) net positive charge


Answer: A

The objective of this question is to lead readers toward the importance of albumin in an-ion gap calculation. ICU patients tend to have low albumin for various reasons and it can affect the calculation of an-ion gap.

To maintain hemostasis, the human body exists in balance: 

 Total serum cations = Total serum anions 

 In other words:

   Na + All unmeasured cations = Cl + HCO3 + All unmeasured anions 

With a negative charge, albumin is a significant role-player in this equation. The formula to adjust the anion gap is 

Corrected serum anion gap = (Serum anion gap measured) + (2.5 x [4.5 - Observed serum albumin]) 

 Simply, the anion gap falls by approximately 2.5 mEq/L for every 1 g/dL below normal (4.5 g/L) of serum albumin concentration.


#acid-base



Reference:

Feldman M, Soni N, Dickson B. Influence of hypoalbuminemia or hyperalbuminemia on the serum anion gap. J Lab Clin Med 2005; 146:317.

Monday, October 18, 2021

encephalomyelitis due to Melioidosis

 Q; 44 years old male who recently returned from a trip visiting northern Australia is now admitted with sepsis. Subsequent workup led to the diagnosis of Melioidosis. What are the characteristic neurological features of encephalomyelitis due to Melioidosis? 

 Answer: Melioidosis is an infective disease by the facultative intracellular gram-negative bacterium, Burkholderia pseudomallei. It is found in soil and fresh surface water and is more prevalent in wet seasons. It is endemic in Southeast Asia including Indian sub-continent, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, and China. Northeastern Thailand and northern Australia are known as "hyperendemic" areas. 

Encephalomyelitis in melioidosis has characteristic features with consciousness normal or near-normal. It primarily involves the brainstem with possible abscess formation. It causes unilateral upper motor neuron limb weakness, cerebellar signs, cranial nerve palsies, and/or flaccid paraparesis alone. Cranial nerves VI, VII are mostly involved as well as bulbar palsy. 

Resistance to many common antibiotics is common for Burkholderia pseudomallei. Usually, meropenpem is considered the antibiotic of choice.

#ID

#neurolgy


References:

1. Cheng AC, Currie BJ. Melioidosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005; 18:383.

2. Currie BJ, Dance DA, Cheng AC. The global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and melioidosis: an update. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2008; 102 Suppl 1:S1.

3. Currie BJ, Fisher DA, Howard DM, et al. The epidemiology of melioidosis in Australia and Papua New Guinea. Acta Trop 2000; 74:121. 

4. Woods ML 2nd, Currie BJ, Howard DM, et al. Neurological melioidosis: seven cases from the Northern Territory of Australia. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15:163. 

5. Currie BJ, Fisher DA, Howard DM, Burrow JN. Neurological melioidosis. Acta Trop 2000; 74:145.

Sunday, October 17, 2021

Dig and weight

 Q; Digoxin should be given based on (select one)

A) adjusted body weight

B) actual body weight

C) ideal body weight


Answer: C

There are four major determinants of digoxin dosing and subsequently its toxicity 

  • kidney function 
  • ideal body weight
  • drug interaction
  • electrolyte balance
The objective of this question is to highlight the narrow therapeutic index of digoxin. 

There are other factors that may contribute to "dig toxicity". Digoxin should be avoided in patients with various atrioventricular (AV) blocks. Electrolyte imbalance such as hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypercalcemia increases the risk of digoxin-related arrhythmia. ​

Hypothyroidism is also considered a risk factor for digoxin toxicity..

#pharmacology
#cardiology


References:

1. DiDomenico RJ, Bress AP, Na-Thalang K, et al. Use of a simplified nomogram to individualize digoxin dosing versus standard dosing practices in patients with heart failure. Pharmacotherapy 2014; 34:1121. 

2. Bauman JL, DiDomenico RJ, Viana M, Fitch M. A method of determining the dose of digoxin for heart failure in the modern era. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166:2539.

Saturday, October 16, 2021

Ascites in hepatorenal syndrome

Q:  Resistant ascites is a feature of (select one) 

A) Type 1 hepatorenal syndrome 

B) Type 2 hepatorenal syndrome


Answer: B

Hepatorenal syndrome is divided into two types depending on the severity of the decline

  • Type 1 is more life-threatening and is characterized by a rapid decline of renal function. It is defined by at least a twofold increase in serum creatinine within 2 weeks. Although patients are non-oliguric in the early phase of the disease oliguria becomes universal later in the course.
  • Type 2 is less severe and the major feature is the resistant ascites unresponsive to diuretics.
#nephrology
#hepatology


References:

1. Ginès P, Schrier RW. Renal failure in cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:1279.

2. Arroyo V, Ginès P, Gerbes AL, et al. Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. International Ascites Club. Hepatology 1996; 23:164. 

3. Salerno F, Gerbes A, Ginès P, et al. Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. Gut 2007; 56:1310.

Friday, October 15, 2021

TMP-SMX and PCP

 Q: If Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is used for the treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia in AIDS patients, which of the following is recommended to be used as an adjuvant treatment? (select one) 

 A) folic acid 

B) folinic acid

C) any of the above 

D) none of the above 


 Answer: D

It is recommended to use folate as an adjuvant treatment while TMP-SMX is in use particularly in prolonged use. TMP-SMX is popularly known with its trade name Bactrim. Trimethoprim (TMP) inhibits human dihydrofolate reductase. In prolong use or with its use in folate deficiency it may lead to megaloblastic changes i.e. macrocytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and/or leukopenia. 

Folinic acid, also known as leucovorin can be used instead of folic acid. 

Said that this adjuvant treatment should not be used in few specific conditions or one should be preferred over the other like:
  • In AIDS patients who develop pneumocystis pneumonia, none should be used as it may lead to treatment failure. 
  • If a patient is pregnant and develops pneumocystis pneumonia, folic acid should be added as the risk of neural tube defects would be high. 
  • In patients with toxoplasmosis, leucovorin (folinic acid) is preferred as parasites can metabolize folic acid but can't metabolize folinic acid.

#pharmacology


References:

1. Ho JM, Juurlink DN. Considerations when prescribing trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. CMAJ 2011; 183:1851. 

2. Safrin S, Lee BL, Sande MA. Adjunctive folinic acid with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients is associated with an increased risk of therapeutic failure and death. J Infect Dis 1994; 170:912.

Thursday, October 14, 2021

Negative APR

 Q: Which of the following is the 'negative' acute phase reactant (APR)? 

A) Interleukin (IL)-6 

B) IL-1 beta 

C) Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha 

D) Interferon gamma 

E) Albumin


Answer: E

During any inflammation such as infection, trauma, tumor, infarction, or autoimmune disease - macrophages, monocytes, and other cells increases the APR production. This occurs mostly in the hepatocytes and subsequently decreases the production of albumin. 

The low level of albumin during such an inflammatory state is called "negative APR". The other negative APR is Transferrin.

#inflammation


References:

1. Loyer P, Ilyin G, Abdel Razzak Z, et al. Interleukin 4 inhibits the production of some acute-phase proteins by human hepatocytes in primary culture. FEBS Lett 1993; 336:215. 

2. Jain S, Gautam V, Naseem S. Acute-phase proteins: As diagnostic tool. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2011;3(1):118-127. doi:10.4103/0975-7406.76489

Wednesday, October 13, 2021

Pleural effusion characterization

 Q: All of the following almost always cause transductive pleural effusion EXCEPT

A) Heart failure

B) Hepatic hydrothorax

C) Nephrotic syndrome 

D) Peritoneal dialysis

E) Pulmonary embolism


Answer: E

Characteristic of pleural fluid is one of the basics which guide towards establishing the diagnosis. Few conditions are known to cause ALMOST ALWAYS transudative pleural effusion. It includes:

  • CSF leak into pleural space (after trauma or spinal surgery or VP shunt) 
  • Heart failure
  • Hepatic hydrothorax
  • Hypoalbuminemia
  •  Misplaced central line 
  • Nephrotic syndrome
  • Peritoneal dialysis 
  • Urinothorax

Few conditions usually cause exudative pleural effusion but transductive is possible:
  • Amyloidosis
  • Chylothorax
  • Constrictive pericarditis
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Malignancy
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Late Sarcoidosis
  • Superior vena caval syndrome

#procedures
#pulmonary 


References:

1. Porcel JM, Azzopardi M, Koegelenberg CF, Maldonado F, Rahman NM, Lee YC. The diagnosis of pleural effusions. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2015;9(6):801-815. doi:10.1586/17476348.2015.1098535

2. Saguil A, Wyrick K, Hallgren J. Diagnostic approach to pleural effusion. Am Fam Physician. 2014;90(2):99-104.

Tuesday, October 12, 2021

TdP

 Q: 47 years old male who is in ICU for severe psychosis went into Torsades De Pointes (TdP) with hemodynamic instability. Which of the following is the first line of treatment? (select one) 

 A) Intravenous (IV) Magnesium (Mg) 

B) Overdrive pacing 

 

Answer: A

 IV Mg continues to be the first line of treatment in TdP. In hemodynamically unstable patients, the dose is 1 to 2 gram IV bolus which can be given up to 4 grams. It can be continued as an infusion. Overdrive pacing can be used at a rate of about 100 beats per minute if IV Mg fails to show any effect. 

Isoproterenol can also be used. Alkalinization of the plasma with sodium bicarbonate is recommended if TdP is due to quinidine. 

Patient in the above question was admitted to ICU with severe psychosis. It is probable that TdP is due to anti-psychotic. Discontinuation of the offending drug is the ultimate treatment.

#cardiology

#hemodynamic


References:

1. Passman R, Kadish A. Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, long Q-T syndrome, and torsades de pointes. Med Clin North Am 2001; 85:321. 

2. Khan IA. Long QT syndrome: diagnosis and management. Am Heart J 2002; 143:7. 

3. Tzivoni D, Banai S, Schuger C, et al. Treatment of torsade de pointes with magnesium sulfate. Circulation 1988; 77:392.

4. Gowda RM, Khan IA, Wilbur SL, Vasavada BC, Sacchi TJ. Torsade de pointes: the clinical considerations. Int J Cardiol. 2004;96(1):1-6. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.04.055

Monday, October 11, 2021

dialysate solution

 Q: Which of the following electrolyte is NOT part of dialysate solution? 

 A) sodium 

B) potassium 

C) calcium 

D) phosphate

E) chloride


Answer: D

Dialysate solution universally contains six electrolytes in which sodium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride are present as equivalent in extracellular fluid. Potassium and bicarbonate are used as buffers. Glucose is the seventh component which is almost always included, Nephrologist may decide to hold it in case of severe hyperglycemia though its inclusion is recommended despite hyperglycemia to avoid hypoglycemia which can be detrimental without warning. 

Dialysate solution is an isotonic solution with an osmolality of 300 ± 20 milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L). The goal is to keep the osmolality of dialysate close to plasma osmolality to avoid red blood cell hemolysis and/or crenation. 

Hyperphosphatemia is common in patients with renal failure and can be a marker of disease severity. Although hypophosphatemia is common in patients who undergo Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT), it is usually corrected by supplementation. 

#nephrology


References: 

1. Desai N. (2015). Basics of base in hemodialysis solution: Dialysate buffer production, delivery and decontamination. Indian journal of nephrology, 25(4), 189–193. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-4065.147369 

2. Song YH, Seo EH, Yoo YS, Jo YI. Phosphate supplementation for hypophosphatemia during continuous renal replacement therapy in adults. Ren Fail. 2019;41(1):72-79. doi:10.1080/0886022X.2018.1561374 

3.  Jung, S. Y., et. al (2018). Phosphate is a potential biomarker of disease severity and predicts adverse outcomes in acute kidney injury patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy. PloS one, 13(2), e0191290. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191290

Sunday, October 10, 2021

Linezolid side-effects

 Q: Thrombocytopenia due to Linezolid is more common in? (select one) 

A) Liver Insufficiency 

B) Renal insufficiency 


 Answer:

 Linezolid-induced thrombocytopenia is the least bothered entity as it is usually resolved with the discontinuation of the drug. Some of the other side-effects can be irreversible and may actually prove fatal like peripheral neuropathy, lactic acidosis, and ocular toxicity. Another concern with its use in ICU is development of serotonin syndrome. 

Thrombocytopenia is more common in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESRD).

#pharmacology

#ID


References:

1. Kishor K, Dhasmana N, Kamble SS, Sahu RK. Linezolid Induced Adverse Drug Reactions - An Update. Curr Drug Metab. 2015;16(7):553-9. doi: 10.2174/1389200216666151001121004. PMID: 26424176. 

2. Hashemian SMR, Farhadi T, Ganjparvar M. Linezolid: a review of its properties, function, and use in critical care. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2018;12:1759-1767. Published 2018 Jun 18. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S164515 

3. Wu VC, Wang YT, Wang CY, et al. High frequency of linezolid-associated thrombocytopenia and anemia among patients with end-stage renal disease. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42:66. 

4. Lawrence KR, Adra M, Gillman PK. Serotonin toxicity associated with the use of linezolid: a review of postmarketing data. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42:1578.

Saturday, October 9, 2021

Antibiotics in Tetanus

 Q: 47 Years old diabetic male who was involved in a motor vehicle accident (MVA) a week ago presented with generalized tonic contractions of skeletal muscles. With loud noise in ED, patient was found to trigger stiff neck, opisthotonus, risus sardonicus, clench fisting, arching the back, and flexing of arms. Which of the following antibiotics is preferred along with neutralization of the toxin and symptomatic treatment?  

A) Metronidazole 

B) Macrolides 

C) Clindamycin 

D) Vancomycin 

E) Chloramphenicol


Answer: A

A recent history of MVA in a diabetic male with generalized muscle spasms is classic of tetanus. Antibiotics play an adjuvant role in the treatment of tetanus. The mainstay of treatment is wound management (halting of the toxin), neutralization of the toxin, and symptomatic treatment with benzodiazepines. If a patient requires intubation, propofol, dexmedetomidine, atropine, and neuromuscular blockade may be required. Epidural bupivacaine is also helpful. Metronidazole and penicillin G are the two most effective treatments though the former is found to be more efficacious. 

Other antibiotics (choices B to E) have not been studied well though found to be effective in vitro. Although trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole has been suggested as a treatment, the resistance is almost universal.

#toxicology

#ID


References:

1. Ahmadsyah I, Salim A. Treatment of tetanus: an open study to compare the efficacy of procaine penicillin and metronidazole. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985; 291:648. 

2. Hassel B. Tetanus: pathophysiology, treatment, and the possibility of using botulinum toxin against tetanus-induced rigidity and spasms. Toxins (Basel). 2013;5(1):73-83. Published 2013 Jan 8. doi:10.3390/toxins5010073

Friday, October 8, 2021

Triple-H therapy

 Q: "Triple-H Therapy" continues to be a mainstay of treatment to prevent cerebral ischemia (vasospasm) after subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A) True

B) False


Answer: B

For a long period of time 

  • Hypervolemia 
  • Hemodilution, and 
  • Hypertension
popularly known as Triple H therapy continue to be the mainstay preventive measure to prevent cerebral ischemia from vasospasm. In the last few years, it has been determined that hypervolemia is not helpful, rather harmful in this matter. 

For hypotension, pressors can be used, and if needed inotropes can be added.

#neurology


References:

1. Francoeur CL, Mayer SA. Management of delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care 2016; 20:277.

2. Muench E, Horn P, Bauhuf C, et al. Effects of hypervolemia and hypertension on regional cerebral blood flow, intracranial pressure, and brain tissue oxygenation after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:1844.

3. Dankbaar, J. W., Slooter, A. J., Rinkel, G. J., & Schaaf, I. C. (2010). Effect of different components of triple-H therapy on cerebral perfusion in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review. Critical care (London, England), 14(1), R23. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc8886

Thursday, October 7, 2021

DVTs in PICCs

Q: Which of the following group has a higher risk of Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC) related Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT)? (select one) 

A) Cancer patients 

B) Critically ill patients 


Answer:

In the last few years, PICCs have been extremely popular in hospitals. There is an increased tendency to insert PICC during hospitalization to avoid the need for intravenous (IV) catheters. 

It should be reminded that PICCs are not very safe as well. In fact, they carry a higher risk of DVTs. ICU patients with PICCs have almost double the risk of developing DVTs than patients who have Central Venous Cathers (CVCs) inserted in ICU. 

The risk of DVT in ICU patients from PICC continues to be doubled than floor/ward patients and patients who have PICCs inserted for long-term chemotherapy.

#procedure

#hematology


References:

1. Winters JP, Callas PW, Cushman M, et al. Central venous catheters and upper extremity deep vein thrombosis in medical inpatients: the Medical Inpatients and Thrombosis (MITH) Study. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:2155.

2. Chopra V, Anand S, Hickner A, et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism associated with peripherally inserted central catheters: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2013; 382:311.

Wednesday, October 6, 2021

Post-partum psychosis

 Q: 28 years old female with post-partum severe unipolar depression is admitted to ICU with severe psychosis requiring restraints to prevent harm. What advantage Aripiprazole has over other antipsychotics in this situation? 

 Answer: There is no hard and fast rule for choice of anti-psychotic in post-partum unipolar severe depression associated with psychosis. Aripiprazole is usually considered the first choice as it can be given as a disintegrating tablet or oral solution. Many of these patients may not allow the insertion of "IV" or may harm themselves by pulling their intravenous (IV) line. The dose is 10-15 mg and can be given every 2 hours, though it is not preferred to go beyond the total dose of 30 mg over the 24 hours period. The patient usually calms down with the first couple of doses. The peak plasma concentration occurs within 3-5 hours. Aripiprazole is less sedative in comparison to other antipsychotics, causes minimal prolongation of QTc interval and/or orthostatic hypotension. 

Olanzapine is another good choice though it has decreased clearance in females and in patients who are non-smokers.

#psychiatry

#Ob-Gyn


Further readings:

1. Osborne LM. Recognizing and Managing Postpartum Psychosis: A Clinical Guide for Obstetric Providers. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2018;45(3):455-468. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2018.04.005 

2. Sit D, Rothschild AJ, Wisner KL. A review of postpartum psychosis. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2006;15(4):352-368. doi:10.1089/jwh.2006.15.352

Tuesday, October 5, 2021

Pharmacotherapics in ECMO patients

 Q: What is the caveat of using Echinocandins in a patient who is on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)? 

 Answer: subtherapeutic plasma levels 

Although the example of Echinocadins i.e, caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin has been used in this question, the objective is to introduce the caveat, limitations, and need of vigilance to watch the pharmacotherapeutic level of many drugs in patients who are on ECMO. Many drugs may get sequestered in the ECMO circuit and may cause subtherapeutic plasma levels.  

The service of a clinical pharmacist should be sought and plasma levels should be monitored for important drugs.

#pharmacology


References:

1. Cheng V, Abdul-Aziz MH, Roberts JA, Shekar K. Optimising drug dosing in patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Thorac Dis. 2018;10(Suppl 5):S629-S641. doi:10.21037/jtd.2017.09.154 

2. Spriet I, Annaert P, Meersseman P, et al. Pharmacokinetics of caspofungin and voriconazole in critically ill patients during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 63:767.

Monday, October 4, 2021

Free Magnesium

 Q: What is the 'rule of thumb' for conversion between plasma and free magnesium?

Answer: Multiply by 0.7

Only 70 percent of the Magnesium in plasma is in free form. Said that this applies only in the normal situations. This value probably changes in ICU where gastrointestinal and/or renal losses are common. 

It may be helpful to distinguish between GI and renal loss for persistent hypomagnesemia in ICU patients. 24-hour urinary magnesium excretion should not be more than 10 to 30 mg with normal renal function. 

#electrolytes

#nephrology


References:

1. Jahnen-Dechent W, Ketteler M. Magnesium basics. Clin Kidney J. 2012;5(Suppl 1):i3-i14. doi:10.1093/ndtplus/sfr163

2. Fox CH, Timm EA Jr, Smith SJ, Touyz RM, Bush EG, Wallace PK. A method for measuring intracellular free magnesium concentration in platelets using flow cytometry. Magnes Res. 2007 Sep;20(3):200-7. PMID: 17972463.

Sunday, October 3, 2021

Air embolism in surgeries

 Q: Why neurosurgical and ENT procedures are at higher risk for air embolism? 

 Answer: Because brain and head lies superior to the heart

The pressure gradient in body parts above the heart is higher than the central venous pressure (CVP) causing negative venous pressure relative to the atmosphere. Moreover, many times procedures in these areas are performed in the Fowler’s position. This allows air to easily sucked into the circulation while vessels are dissected and open to the atmosphere during the procedure.

#surgical-critical-care


References:

1. Gale T, Leslie K. Anaesthesia for neurosurgery in the sitting position. J Clin Neurosci 2004; 11:693. 

2. Wong AY, Irwin MG. Large venous air embolism in the sitting position despite monitoring with transoesophageal echocardiography. Anaesthesia 2005; 60:811.

Saturday, October 2, 2021

Infectious thyroiditis

Q: Pain in acute infectious thyroiditis is usually? (select one) 

A) localized in neck 
B) generalized over neck


Answer: A

Infectious thyroiditis usually occurs in immunocompromised patients. It can occur due to bacteremia or due to local extension. Abscess formation is common and requires urgent attention. Clinically it presents as sudden unilateral neck tenderness. Fever and chills are universal. Unilateral fluctuant neck mass should be considered as an abscess unless proved otherwise. Interestingly though signs of thyrotoxicosis may be present but thyroid function usually stays normal. 

Workup requires an ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Treatment is drainage of abscess and broad spectrum antibiotic.


#ID
#surgical-critical-care
#endocrinology


References:

1. Paes JE, Burman KD, Cohen J, et al. Acute bacterial suppurative thyroiditis: a clinical review and expert opinion. Thyroid 2010; 20:247. 

2. Shah SS, Baum SG. Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Thyroiditis. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2000 Apr;2(2):147-153. doi: 10.1007/s11908-000-0027-7. PMID: 11095850. 

3. McLaughlin SA, Smith SL, Meek SE. Acute suppurative thyroiditis caused by Pasteurella multocida and associated with thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid 2006; 16:307.

Friday, October 1, 2021

TM

 Q: Transverse myelitis (TM) usually affects? (select one)

A) thoracic cord 

B) lumbar cord 


 Answer: A

Transverse myelitis is a segmental spinal cord acute inflammation. Although described as idiopathic and/or an autoimmune process, it can be associated with preceding infection, multiple sclerosis (MS), or connective tissue diseases like SLE, sjögren's syndrome, scleroderma, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, and rheumatoid arthritis. It usually strikes limited segments in the thoracic cord. Symptoms progressed rapidly with leg weakness. It can also cause autonomic dysfunction with bowel and bladder incontinence.  

Treatment includes steroids, immunosuppressives, and immunomodulators.

#neurology


References:

1. Brinar VV, Habek M, Brinar M, et al. The differential diagnosis of acute transverse myelitis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2006; 108:278.

2. West TW. Transverse myelitis--a review of the presentation, diagnosis, and initial management. Discov Med. 2013 Oct;16(88):167-77. PMID: 24099672.

3. Borchers AT, Gershwin ME. Transverse myelitis. Autoimmun Rev. 2012 Jan;11(3):231-48. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.05.018. Epub 2011 May 18. PMID: 21621005.