Q: Which of the following are the risk factor for contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) except?

A) CKD (chronic kidney disease)

B) Diabetes mellitus
C) Hypertension
D) Anemia
E) CAD (coronary artery disease)

Answer:  E

It is interesting to note that except for CKD, physicians are less aware of other risk factors which may lead to contrast induced nephropathy. It is associated with a significantly higher risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality, even in patients who do not need dialysis! It is very less appreciated that patients with CKD in the setting of diabetes mellitus have a 4-fold increase in the risk of CIN compared with patients without diabetes mellitus or preexisting CKD.

Other risk factors include Age, Hypertension, Metabolic syndrome, Anemia, Multiple myeloma, Hypoalbuminemia, previous renal transplant, hypovolemia, CHF, hypotension, volume of contrast as well as viscosity, osmolarity, ionicity, and molecular structure of contrast.