Q: The official consensus definition of dyspnea from the American Thoracic Society includes all of the following factors except?
A) physiological
B) psychological
C) anatomical
D) social
E) environmental
Answer: C
The consensus statement from the American Thoracic Society defines dyspnea as:
"Dyspnea is a term used to characterize a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that is comprised of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity. The experience derives from interactions among multiple physiological, psychological, social, and environmental factors, and may induce secondary physiological and behavioral responses."
#pulmonary
Reference:
Parshall MB, Schwartzstein RM, Adams L, et al. An official American Thoracic Society statement: update on the mechanisms, assessment, and management of dyspnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 185:435.
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